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Hugh O'Neill (Irish: ''Aodh Mór Ó Néill''; literally ''Hugh The Great O'Neill''; c. 1550 – 20 July 1616), was an Irish Gaelic lord, Earl of Tyrone〔Hugh is usually referred to as the 2nd earl of Tyrone. ("(Hugh O’Neill, 2nd earl of Tyrone )", ''Britannica'') But if his elder brother Brian is counted, Hugh is 3rd. By the patent of the earldom, Brien was ''de jure'' earl between their grandfather's death in 1559 and his own assassination in 1562. He never claimed the earldom, and did not call himself earl. He may not have been of age to take his seat in the Irish House of Lords, and he certainly did not control Tyrone.〕 (known as the Great Earl) and was later created ''The Ó Néill''. O'Neill's career was played out against the background of the Tudor conquest of Ireland, and he is best known for leading the resistance during the Nine Years' War, the strongest threat to English authority in Ireland since the revolt of Silken Thomas. == Early life == O'Neill came from a line of the O'Neill dynasty - derbfine - that the English authorities recognized as the legitimate successors to the chieftainship of the O'Neills and to the title of Earl of Tyrone. He was the second son of Feardorcha Ó Néill, known in English as Matthew O'Neill, reputed illegitimate son of Conn, 1st Earl of Tyrone. Shane O'Neill (Seán an Díomais) a legitimate son of Conn, employed the ambivalent status of Matthew's paternity to affirm his own claim to the title The O'Neill, although illegitimacy in itself made little or no difference in terms of the Irish legal system of derbfine, where five degrees of consanguinity through the male line with a blood ancestor who had held the O'Neill title were required of any claimant. Once Matthew was accepted by Conn as his son, he was as entitled to the O'Neill lordship as Shane,〔Brady, Ciaran. ''Shane O' Neill'', HAI, (1996) p 23〕 although, if proven, Shane's constant assertion that Matthew was actually an adoptee,〔See: Fiona FitzSimons, ‘Fosterage and Gossipred in Late Medieval Ireland: Some new evidence’ in Patrick J. Duffy, David Edwards and Elizabeth FitzPatrick (eds), ''Gaelic Ireland c. 1250-1650'' Dublin, 2001, pp 138-152〕〔Brady, Ciaran. ''Shane O' Neill'', HAI, 1996, p 22〕 affiliated〔Morgan, Hiram ''Tyrone's Rebellion,'' RHS & Boydell, (1993) pp. 86-7 the genealogy Hiram Morgan has prepared notes Matthew as "affiliated".〕 to the O'Neills, rather than the illegitimate issue of Conn would have rendered his claim to the earldom void 〔Morgan, Hiram ''Tyrone's Rebellion,'' RHS & Boydell, 1993, p 23〕 and would have entirely disqualified him from succession also under derbfine . In the ensuing conflict for the succession Matthew was killed by the Ó Donnaile followers of Shane and Conn, placing his sons Brian and Hugh in a precarious situation. The continuing support for their claims came from the English administration in Dublin, which was anxious to use the reliance of the sons of Matthew on their support to break the independent power of the O'Neill lords of Ulster. This was part of a general English policy to transform Irish Gaelic titles into feudal titles granted under the crown that would bring them entirely within the English legal system through a policy known as surrender and regrant, in which the Irish forcibly surrendered their lands to the crown and had them granted back into their keeping as property of the crown, rather than the property of the sept, or Gaelic extended family. O'Neill succeeded his brother, Brian, as baron of Dungannon, when the latter was assassinated by Shane's Tánaiste, or deputy, Turlough Luineach O'Neill〔Morgan, Hiram. ''Tyrone's Rebellion,'' RHS & Boydell, 1993, p 214〕 in 1562. He was brought up in the English colonial outpost known as the Pale, by the Hoveneden family, not in England as has been erroneously claimed in various histories; but after the death of Shane he returned to Ulster in 1567 under the protection of Sir Henry Sidney, lord deputy of Ireland. In Tyrone, Hugh's cousin, Turlough Luineach O'Neill had succeeded Shane O'Neill as ''The O'Neill'', or chieftain, but was not recognized by the English as the legitimate Earl of Tyrone. The crown therefore supported Hugh O'Neill as the rightful claimant and as an ally in Gaelic controlled Ulster. During the Second Desmond Rebellion in Munster, he fought in 1580 with the English forces against Gerald Fitzgerald, 15th Earl of Desmond, and assisted Sir John Perrot against the Scots of Ulster in 1584. In the following year he was summonsed to attend Parliament in Dublin as Earl of Tyrone and, in 1587 after a visit to the Court in England, he was awarded a patent to the lands of his grandfather, the first earl, Conn O'Neill. His constant disputes with Turlough were fomented by the English with a view to weakening the power of the O'Neills, but with the growing power of Hugh, the two came to some agreement and Turlough abdicated in 1595. Hugh was subsequently inaugurated as The O'Neill at Tullahogue in the style of the former Gaelic kings, and became the most powerful lord in Ulster. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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